The hEPSCs were indeed incorporated into the developmental program of the embryo until 19 days postfertilization. The team labeled human extended (hE)PSCs with a fluorescent protein and injected the cells into the macaque embryos, enabling them to observe how well they integrated. Weizhi Ji from Kunming University of Science and Technology, that facilitates the development and survival of long-tailed macaque ( Macaca fascicularis) embryos for up to 20 days. Izpisua Belmonte and colleagues harnessed a novel approach based on a modified in vitro cell culture protocol, developed by Prof. According to Izpisua Belmonte, this could explain the greater relative efficiency of integration of HSCs. In the most recent study, the evolutionary distance is reduced. The novel research published in Cell was built on previous work conducted by Izpisua Belmonte’s team: “In our 2017 study, in which we incorporated human cells into early-stage pig tissue, the contribution of human cells was fairly low, which we thought could be due to the large evolutionary distance (~ 90 million years) between the two species,” he explained. Larger animal hosts with physiological properties that more closely align to that of humans are required to develop chimeras using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), but historically, as Izpisua Belmonte noted in a recent press release, “the generation of human–animal chimeras has suffered from low efficiency and integration of human cells into the host species.” Due to their evolutionary similarities, much of the work in this area has been performed using rats and mice, which have ~ 21 million years of evolutionary distance. Beatrice Mintz was the first person to develop and characterize mouse chimeras in the 1960s, and by the 1970s, research in the field had advanced sufficiently to enable the development of interspecies chimeras in mammals. Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, senior author of the study. Chimeras are developed using cell biology and molecular biology methods, often by inserting the cells of one organism into an early developmental stage of another,” explained Prof. “A chimera is an organism that contains the cells of two or more species. The research, published in Cell, is a key step towards developing chimera-based tools for studying human health and disease, organ transplantation, drug discovery and many more research applications. Researchers have successfully integrated human cells into animal tissue, producing human–monkey chimeric embryos that were able to grow for up to 20 days.
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